Congenital rubella is a group of physical abnormalities that occur in an infant as a result of infection of the mother with rubella virus.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Congenital rubella is caused by the destructive action of the rubella virus on the fetus at a critical time in development. The most critical time is the first trimester. After the 4 th month, maternal rubella infection is less likely to harm the developing fetus. The incidence of rubella syndrome has decreased dramatically since the advent of rubella vaccine. Risk factors include lack of the recommended rubella immunization and contact with a person who has rubella. Non-immunized, non-immune pregnant women are at risk for infection and subsequent damage to the fetus.
Signs and tests
Eye findings: CataractsGlaucomaRetinitisCongenital heart disease findings: Patent ductus arteriosus ( PDA )
Pulmonary artery stenosis Other heart defects Central nervous system findings:
Mental retardation Motor retardation Small head from failed brain development (microcephaly) Encephalitis Meningitis Others associated findings:
Deafness Low platelet count Enlarged liver and spleen Abnormal muscle tone
Bone disease Tests include:
Demonstration of the virus in urine, nasopharyngeal secretions, or cerebrospinal fluid Antibody tests
Treatment
There is no specific treatment for rubella syndrome. Care involves appropriate treatment of affected systems in consultation with your health care providers.
Expectations (prognosis)
The prognosis for children with congenital rubella depends on the signs and symptoms present. Some findings (e.g., heart defects) can be corrected and some (e.g., nervous system damage) cannot.
Complications
As described above under Signs/Symptoms.
Calling your health care provider
Call your health care provider if you have concerns about congenital rubella, if you are unsure of your vaccination status, or if you or your child needs rubella vaccine.
Prevention
Vaccination prior to pregnancy can prevent congenital rubella. Pregnant women who are non-immune should avoid contact with persons with rubella.